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Quantum Cognition

How the mind handles uncertainty

Why human judgement breaks the rules of classical probability, and how quantum theory captures the paradoxes. Led by Prof Emmanuel Pothos.

6 days6 hoursUp to 30 participants£400

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About the course

Quantum mechanics is one of the most powerful ideas ever developed, not only in physics but as a way of thinking about uncertainty itself. When physicists realised that classical probability could not describe the microscopic world, they built an entirely new framework: quantum theory. It turns out to be useful far beyond physics, wherever uncertainty, ambiguity and context matter.

That is where the human mind comes in. In cognitive psychology, human behaviour often violates the rules of classical probability. These paradoxes sit at the heart of the heuristics and biases tradition, one of the most influential research programmes in psychology and the foundation of several Nobel Prizes, and quantum theory often captures them surprisingly well.

This course explores why and how quantum theory can model human thought: one of the most exciting interdisciplinary frontiers in psychology today.

What you’ll learn

You will:

  1. See why classical probability was assumed to govern human decision-making, and where it breaks down
  2. Explore the paradoxes that have shaped modern cognitive and decision theory
  3. Learn the motivation behind quantum approaches to cognition and examine early foundational models
  4. Work through the mechanics of key quantum cognitive models
  5. Understand dynamical approaches to modelling mental processes
  6. Explore real-world applications, from organisational psychology to legal decision-making
  7. Engage with current developments and open challenges in the field
Course content

Six sessions.

Six sessions over six consecutive days, six hours in all. They start from the paradoxes of classical probability, build the quantum models step by step, and end with applications and open questions.

  1. Session 1

    Classical probability theory in psychology: rationality and paradoxes

  2. Session 2

    Can ‘rain and snow’ be more likely than ‘snow’? Quantum theory in cognition

  3. Session 3

    How quantum decision models are built

  4. Session 4

    Dynamics

  5. Session 5

    Applications: legal decision-making and organisational psychology

  6. Session 6

    State of the art and future directions

Faculty

Who leads the course.

Faculty 1 / 1

Prof Emmanuel Pothos

Professor of Psychology, City St George’s, University of London. Lead scientist of Quantum Cognition.

Emmanuel Pothos applies quantum theory to cognitive modelling, above all to how people make decisions. He has been part of the quantum cognition research community from its early days and contributed some of its first models, on the disjunction effect and the conjunction fallacy. He has also worked on categorisation, artificial grammar learning and attentional biases.

Career

  1. City St George’s, University of LondonProfessor of Psychology, Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceNow
  2. City University LondonHead of the Department of Psychology2017–2020
  3. City University LondonSenior Lecturer, Department of Psychology; Professor from 20142012–2014
  4. Swansea UniversitySenior Lecturer, then Reader, Department of Psychology2006–2012
  5. Bangor, Edinburgh, Crete and SwanseaLectureships1998–2006
  6. University of OxfordDPhil in Experimental Psychology1995–1998
  7. Imperial College LondonBSc in Physics, first class1992–1995

Highlights

  • Co-author, with Jerome Busemeyer, of two major reviews of quantum cognition, in Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013) and the Annual Review of Psychology (2022)
  • Co-author of early quantum models of decision-making, in Proceedings of the Royal Society B (2009) and Psychological Review (2011)
  • Co-author of the 2025 study of Quantum in Pictures with school students
  • Research Staff Prize, City University London (2012), for modelling decision-making with quantum theory